Efficiency, Fairness, and Social Cohesion in Europe and the United States: Incomes, Hours of Work, and Equality with an Afterthought on Iceland

The paper discusses the European Union as a union of primarily small European states, a union whose parallel emphasis on efficiency and fairness, including deep respect for human rights, holds the key to Europe’s economic and social advances over the years. The paper shows that adjusting conventional economic indicators of living standards such as gross domestic product or gross national income per capita to reflect also social factors (such as hours of work and equality of income) places Europe ahead of the United States. Further, adjustments for education attainment and public health, as made by the United Nations Human Development Index, similarly favor Europe vis-à-vis the US. While expansion fatigue has temporarily slowed the momentum of the widening and deepening of European integration, Europe can expect to benefit from the accession of more small states to the EU. This will further advance the EU’s economic and social position in the world.