The problem of negatives in input-output analysis: a review of the solutions

The main models to construct technical coefficients are the industry technology model and the commodity technology model. The former yields nonnegative coefficients and the latter fulfills nice theoretical properties, such as price invariance. Although the models are very different, this paper presents a flexible formula that encompasses both of them. Various solutions to the problem of negatives of the commodity technology model-including replacements by industry technology based coefficients-are reviewed in our framework.