Ottaviano, Gianmarco; Taglioni, Daria; di Mauro, Filippo - European Central Bank - 2007
firms? And in the European context, have key elements of the EU strategy such as EMU and enlargement helped or hindered … located in participating economies. Enlargement has, instead, two contrasting effects. It improves the accessibility of EU … and enlargement on the competitiveness of European firms. We find that EMU positively affects the competitiveness of firms …