Coady, David P.; De Poli, Silvia; Hernández, Adrian; … - 2023
. Our analysis finds that automatic income stabilization in 2019 averaged 41.3 percent at the EU level, with considerable … stabilization differs, with income taxation (transfers) being more important for high-income (low-income) households. Income … stabilization proved stable over time, with a few exceptions driven by major reforms. EU-level demand stabilization averaged 84 …