Chung, Yeojin; Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia; Dorie, Vincent; … - In: Psychometrika 78 (2013) 4, pp. 685-709
penalized likelihood approach to avoid such boundary estimates. This approach is equivalent to estimating variance parameters by …) penalty with λ→0, which ensures that the maximum penalized likelihood estimate is approximately one standard error from zero … when the maximum likelihood estimate is zero, thus remaining consistent with the data while being nondegenerate. We also …