Kawai, Kei; Nakabayashi, Jun; Shimamoto, Daichi - National Bureau of Economic Research - 2022
procurement data from five countries. We find that bidders who win by a very small margin have significantly lower backlog than … those who lose by a very small margin in the sample of procurement auctions from Indonesia, suggesting that bidders collude … by bid rotation. Our results suggest that the proportion of noncompetitive auctions is at least about 5% for all E-procurement …