Schneider, Friedrich; Enste, Dominik - 2021
criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The … average size of a shadow economy varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD, to 23 percent for transition and to 39 percent for … activities are the driving forces for the increase of the shadow economy especially in OECD-countries. According to some findings …