Graff Zivin, Joshua; Azoulay, Pierre; Sampat, Bhaven N. - National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) - 2011
Are scientific knowledge flows embodied in individuals, or "in the air"? To answer this question, we measure the effect … suggest that, to be realized, knowledge flows to industry may require more face-to-face interaction than those to academics … recombination of individual bits of knowledge, resulting in a suboptimal rate of scientific exploration. …