Johnson, Simon; Kaufmann, Daniel; Zoido, Pablo - 2004
unofficial economy. And countries with a larger unofficial economy tend to grow more slowly. Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer … (1997) found that, in post-communist economies, the unofficial economy's share of GDP is determined by the extent of control … unofficial economy accounts for a larger share of GDP where there is great bureaucratic inefficiency and discretion, and where …