Madet, C.; Mirabel, F.; Poudou, J.-C.; Roland, M. - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Droit de … - 2004
This paper compares three schemes for funding Universal Service Obligations in network industries with an essential … facility: an uplift to the network access charge, the establishment of a Universal Service (US) fund financed through a lump … and an incumbent, which owns the essential facility and is responsible for universal service. The incumbent is also …