Goldin, Claudia; Sokoloff, Kenneth L. - National Bureau of Economic Research - 1981
censuses and reports of manufacturing, 1820, 1832, and 1850. Our principal findings are: (1) that women and children composed a … large share (over 40% in 1832) of the entire manufacturing labor force during the initial period of industrialization in the … that of adult males rose wherever large scale manufacturing establishments spread and that by 1850 this ratio had risen to …