Hatton, Timothy J.; Williamson, Jeffrey G. - 2009
forces in the global economy
creating growing pressures for greater movement of labor … from poorer to richer
countries … replacing the receiving country population
or labor force in the denominator with the sending country population or labor force …, except for Africa, emigration rates have
been level or even declining since a peak in the late 1980s and the early 1990s …