Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem; Nikolsko‐Rzhevskyy, Alex; … - 2021
fluctuations in regional rainfall within the Ottoman Empire capture the exogenous variation in exports from the Empire to Germany …, only surplus production was allowed to be exported from the Empire (provisionistic policy). Second, different products … exported to Germany, France, and the U.K. by the Empire. Using the export-bundle-weighted regional rainfall as an instrument …