Carrasco, Raquel; Ruiz-Castillo, Javier - In: SERIEs - Journal of the Spanish Economic Association 10 (2019) 2, pp. 141-172
attracting foreign talent (brain gain), minimizing the elite brain drain, and recovering nationals who have earned a Ph.D. or … have spent some time abroad (brain circulation). Our main result is that Spain has more brain gain, more brain circulation … and less brain drain than comparable large, continental European countries, i.e., Germany, France, and Italy, where …