Chiswick, Barry R.; Robinson, RaeAnn H. - 2021
takers. This paper develops an augmented labor force participation rate for free women in 1860 and compares it with the … participation rate in the 1860 Census from 16 percent to 57 percent, more than doubles the participation rate in the 1920 Census … rate since 1860, it has in fact always been high and fairly stable over time. In contrast, the effect of including …