This paper examines formal power and its influence on the policy roles of tourism actors in four Caribbean countries. The power of policy actors was calculated with a beta centrality measure, and hypotheses of power, policy roles, and policy actor types were tested using the Quadratic Assignment...

The multicommodity network flow problem is a classical issue in network optimization, where the objective is to route multiple commodities through interconnected nodes and arcs to minimize the overall flow cost. However, in practical scenarios, parameters such as arc capacities, node demands,...

Traditional conceptions of learning focus on the formal learning that occurs in contexts such as school and higher education. These however form only part of the learning experience for any individual. Indeed for adults, most learning will occur outside formal contexts either informally or...

In this paper we exploit a unique and rich dataset of patent applications and scientific publications in order to answer several questions concerned with two current phenomena on the way knowledge is produced and shared worldwide: its geographical spread at the international level and its...

Various methods have been proposed to search for molecules with the desired properties. However, it remains difficult due to the vastness of the search space. Because of the reason, it is not easy to obtain a suitable solution by applying randomized algorithms.In recent years, deep...