Economic theory states that “free market” competition naturally achieves lower prices—thereby increasing efficiency and benefiting society. This is the first paper in the literature to use means testing to statistically analyze electricity prices, from 1970-2011, for states that...

Traditionally, European energy market regulation has dealt with electricity and gas from a market-oriented perspective in the effort of creating a common internal energy market to foster economic efficiency, security of supply and competitiveness. To a lesser extent, EU law also deals with oil,...

U.S. network industry reforms led other countries in the past, but have recently run into difficulties in specific areas. In particular, the U.S. telecommunications sector was hit by a deep crisis and electricity reforms suffered under the California disaster. Part of the explanation for these...