reduce the fiscal deficit and public debt) in euro area (EA) countries. The focus is on analysing the growth effects of … required to meet EU fiscal rules may not reduce public debt ratios across the EA's member countries, as the European Commission …

, play a more crucial role in the growth of MS that are net contributors to the EU budget. Conversely, total factor … EU budget. Interestingly, the heterogeneity observed among the EA-12 MS extends beyond the simple division between net … contributors and net recipients of the EU budget. This heterogeneity raises questions about the European Central Bank's (ECB …