There is an ongoing consensus that we are on the brink, if not already started, of a major technological revolution. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has a wider and deeper transformative power. It could be considered a major paradigm shift of our time. Its importance is characterized by a wave...

This study examines whether there is convergence in military expenditures among NATO countries by using Philips and Sul (2007) convergence methodology. We obtained the primary dataset of 27 NATO member countries between 2009 and 2021 for their military expenditures to accomplish this. The...

This article examines how China’s subnational leadership rotations have affected local governments’ policy choices. Utilizing the annual government work reports that outline provincial policy priorities, I find that shuffled leaders choose similar economic policies across different...

The recent empirical growth literature has noted that few countries’ incomes grow uniformly over periods longer than a decade or so. We consider growth variations over a period up to 66 years, study growth relative to a benchmark country, and collapse the varieties of growth experiences to...