than 10 percent. OECD figures show that the average of industry funded higher education expenditure on R&D (HERD) in the EU … internal funds. • Government institutions & EU (G & EU): Funding from the government through institutions such as VINNOVA …, local authorities, county councils and EU. • Industry (I): contract research and grants from Swedish and foreign firms …

framework that allows for – without imposing – fractional integration and/or cointegration between the market variance and … complete error-correction model, as in Horvath and Watson (1995). We proceed in analogous fashion, examining the integration … status (generalized to allow for fractional integration) of the realized market variance, realized individual equity …

framework that allows for – without imposing – fractional integration and/or cointegration between the market variance and … complete error-correction model, as in Horvath and Watson (1995). We proceed in analogous fashion, examining the integration … status (generalized to allow for fractional integration) of the realized market variance, realized individual equity …

of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. This … explore these questions for working age couples in nine of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the … EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. 2 This comparative perspective allows us to explore the relative effects of …

con- ditions. E[U1] = 0 relates to the conditional means of equations (7) and (8). E[U2] = 0 de nes the unconditional … covariance of 1;t and 2;t as well as the unconditional variance of 2;t. E[U3] = 0 describes the time-variation of h12;t …

of IPRs and a web of UK, EU and international bodies overseeing the design and implementation of each type of … value of patents in the US and the EU countries, with fewer studies of trade marks and almost none of design rights. There …, arguing that these will be the more significant patents as compared with those registered in the UK or the EU. Bloom and Van …

test are reported in Table 2. These are respectively for the full sample; the USA; the European Union (EU); the most …, the condition that being redundant. W i A N j L ≥ 11 represented EU country (Germany); and the sample broken down by … for the US to only 0.67 years for the EU. This is, then, an initial measure of the extent to which winners wrongly appear …

policy debates in Europe. Similar to the state trends shown in Figure 2, corporate tax rates among European Union (EU … example). This has led to deliberations among EU officials over whether to impose tax harmonization measures among EU member …, EU policymakers and analysts increasingly have looked to the evidence of tax competition among 3 states for …

test are reported in Table 2. These are respectively for the full sample; the USA; the European Union (EU); the most …, the condition that W i A N j L ≥ being redundant. 12 represented EU country (Germany); and the sample broken down … for the US to only 0.67 years for the EU. This is, then, an initial measure of the extent to which winners wrongly appear …

policy debates in Europe. Similar to the state trends shown in Figure 2, corporate tax rates among European Union (EU … example). This has led to deliberations among EU officials over whether to impose tax harmonization measures among EU member …, EU policymakers and analysts increasingly have looked to the evidence of tax competition among 3 states for …