. PTAs created a web of rules paralleling and extending the system of the World Trade Organization (WTO). PTAs are an …Over the last two decades, Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) proliferated through the international trading system …

Trade Agreement (PTA) formation. First, it shapes the nature of forces constraining expansion of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs … played by PTAs in the attainment of global free trade. Initially, tariff binding liberalization leads to Custom Union (CU …) formation in equilibrium but in a way that undermines the pursuit of global free trade. However, further tariff binding …

trade agreements and the increasing dissatisfaction with the WTO’s treatment of consumer issues in general, in the future … labour standards and international trade has, however, been evolving in the areas of private standards and preferential trade … agreements. Given the role that preferential trade agreements sometimes take in establishing future directions in multilateral …

the structural, non-(log-)linear impact of trade barriers on trade in new trade theory models. Structural new trade theory … models have never been used to evaluate and quantify the role of endogenous preferential trade agreement (PTA) membership for … trade in a way which is consistent with general equilibrium. Apart from this gap, the present paper aims at delivering an …

At continent level, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) negotiations are scheduled to include a protocol … regional dialogue in Africa to open opportunities to cross-border e-commerce trade is key. …

The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on the rules created in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), their … regime in trade agreements should not however be contained to these major players, and the chapter seeks to provide a more … regulatory framework for digital trade, as well as highlight trends in rule-diffusion and their potential implications …