This paper investigates the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on trade flows in the case of the European countries. First, an ARDL dynamic panel model is estimated using the PMG method to analyse monthly data covering the most recent period (2019M1-2021M12); then, the GMM and PCSE approaches are...

We show that distance matters for the volatility of international trade and financial transactions beyond its well-known relevance for their level. We identify several candidate explanations from theory, which we test on alternative measures of distance and a broad range of trade and financial...

The challenges of hunger in Africa, caused by food insecurity can only be mitigated by enhanced food security and food safety measures. Food safety has a significant role in ensuring foodsecurity. A primary cause of food insecurity is the decline in global food productivity. It is also a problem...

This study examines the determinants of foreign trade in Nepal. Exports andimports of Nepal are the dependent variables. The selected independent variables are GDP ofNepal, GDP of trading partners, real effective exchange rate, distance, regional economicintegration, per capita GDP of Nepal, per...

Often trade policy of a country is evaluated for its employment effect and a liberal import policy is criticised for its adverse impact on domestic employment in a more explicit manner. However, for reasons such as low worker reallocations due to trade and employment creation from a concomitant...

The European Union is one of the three largest actors in world trade and one of the world’s most influential regulators. This chapter gives an overview over the European Union’s rules for intra-EU trade, describing the EU customs union and its internal market including the “four...