Requiring developing countries to adopt competition laws has become a standard element in Free Trade Agreements between those countries and developed countries, and in the ‘check list’ of measures sought by the World Bank and other multilateral institutions. However, there is little reason...

When positive and negative income are treated asymmetrically under a corporate income tax (CIT) without allowance for group taxation, a group of affi liated corporations may engage in tax avoidance by shifting income from profi table to unprofi table subsidiaries for the sole purpose of...

It is generally believed that Japan's cost-oriented and export-oriented direct invest­ment has introduced a bilateral intra-industry trade pattern in China–Japan trade through which China imports accessories from Japan, processes them and exports the product to Japan. Based on investment and...

It is common to define benefit eligibility for small business policies by restrictions on the fi rm size. This paper investigates the incentives for a large fi rm to masquerade as many small firms by separately incorporating business segments, focusing on the case of the Japanese value-added...

It has been reported in the media that bid rigging is commonly practised in almost all public works projects in Japan. It was also said that the Japanese anti-trust author­ity, the Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC), was a watchdog that did not bite, in spite of having a long history of...