The purpose of this report is to assess whether digitizing the equity or debt financing used for infrastructure projects using blockchain, that is, tokenized infrastructure, provides enough benefits to justify the use of this technology. The information presented here aims to inform the World...

The proper allocation of interpretive authority between states and arbitral tribunals is central to current debates about investment treaty arbitration. States traditionally have given arbitrators broad latitude to interpret and apply international investment agreements. But as states gain...

Processes for removing sewage nitrogen at the individual residential scale must be low-maintenance with only annual service visits. A passive autotrophic process in an upflow configuration, using a 50-50 mixture by volume of: (a) agricultural sulfur for nitrate reduction, and (b) agricultural...

Septic tanks have been used for anaerobic treatment of raw sewage for well over one hundred years, and their basic design has not fundamentally changed over that time. On the other hand, there have been tremendous improvements in our understanding of anaerobic microorganisms and development of...

Purpose: Correct registration for the value-added tax (VAT) is a key aspect of tax compliance; it is vital in ensuring adequate tax revenue collection in all countries but particularly in developing countries such as South Africa. Non-registration hinders sufficient tax revenue collection, stifles...

Lockdown policy and case disclosure during the COVID-19 pandemic can influence human behavior and health outcomes. We investigate how individuals' daily dietary patterns were affected by the lockdown policy and the case disclosure in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a large...

Automated driving systems (ADSs) allow vehicles to engage in self-driving under specific conditions. Along with the potential safety benefits, the increase in productivity through non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs) is often cited as a motivation behind the adoption of ADSs. Although advances have...