Lifting the tax exemption for jet fuel used for international flights is a recurring demand from many stakeholders committed to sustainable development. Currently, this exemption keeps the carbon pricing of jet fuel at an excessively low level and is inconsistent with the decarbonisation...

The Summit's focus on financing vulnerable countries or the fight against vulnerability highlights the fact that the allocation of concessional financing between countries must be considered alongside the mobilization of new resources. This note identifies four principles: (i) the countries...

Over the last 30 years, at least 94 green-climate funds1 have been created to finance climate-related projects and programs in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs). Each individual fund may have been justified at the time of its creation. As a system, however, they do not add up and...

A zone of complex mobilities, a region with a diversified history and plural development, a key space for major socio-economic and political balances, the Sahel has produced its own internal conflicts, but also the mechanisms to manage them. However, for a decade, the Sahel has also been a...

The paper discusses the implications of General Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in public administrations and the specific questions it raises compared to specialized and « numerical » AI, based on the example of Customs and the experience of the World Customs Organization in the field of AI and...