DNI (direct normal irradiance) can be calculated from global and diffuse horizontal irradiance measurements. However, the diffuse irradiance values need to be corrected because the pyranometer's shadowband does not obstruct only the solar disk but also a larger part of the sky vault. In this...

The resource base for RES is vast, but only a small fraction is being exploited with available technology. The full potential of RES for the European Union (EU) is estimated at 408 Mtoe by 2020. Here, we review data on energy supplies and demand with emphasis on RES and also assess the potential...