Upgrading of pyrolysis bio-oil from biomass suggests great environmental and economical advantages for the production of renewable and sustainable energy sources. However, there are considerable challenges in the development of techno-economically feasible processes and catalysts. One promising...

Kinetics of bituminous coal and palm shells were evaluated using thermo-gravimetric analysis under different environments (N2/CO2/O2). The observed percent mass loss of biomass was higher than mass loss percentage of coal because biomass had higher reactivity and volatile matter content....