A key economic question in securities litigation is how to determine the amount of harm that can be attributed to alleged misstatements and that may be considered as damages. Securities litigation and the legal frameworks around the determination of damages have been developing in different...

Institutions issuing publicly traded securities must divulge in a timely fashion any piece of information that may affect the price of their securities. When they fail to do so, these issuers expose themselves not only to administrative—and sometimes criminal—sanctions, but also to private...

In the wake of the financial crisis, many governments intervened to rescue banks. Between 2007 and 2009, numerous State Aid schemes were notified to the European Commission by different Member States; only 11 were blocked. Since the crisis, European authorities have reformed their safety nets to...

Not all Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) are actually essential – a phenomenon called over-declaration. IPR policies of standard-setting organizations require patent holders to declare any patents as SEPs that might be essential, without further SSO review or detailed compulsory declaration...

Current accounting rules relating to the issuance of employee stock options (ESOs) treat ESOs as a corporate expense. Prior to 2005, accounting rules required corporations that issued ESOs to treat at-the-money options differently from in-the-money options for financial reporting purposes. A...

Potential competition restrains the prices of an incumbent seller when the incumbent can alter the environment perceived by an entrant in a way that both discourages entry and lowers prices. When the product has network effects, the incumbent can make its product ubiquitous and place the...