Studies on denial rates in mortgage lending do not adequately account for lender heterogeneity due to divergent underwriting or regulatory practices. Using a sample of over two million home purchase mortgage applications from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data between 2018-2020, we...

A negative relationship between income and fertility has persisted for so long that its existence is often taken for granted. One economic theory builds on this relationship and argues that rising inequality leads to greater differential fertility between rich and poor. We show that the...