In 2020, the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed an antitrust suit against Google alleging that Google has unlawfully monopolized the markets for general search services, search advertising, and general search text advertising. The complaint raises questions involving market definition, monopoly...

The economics of monopsony power results in lower wages and other forms of compensation, as well as reduced employment. Wealth is transferred from workers to their employers. In addition, the employer's output is reduced, which leads to increased prices for consumers. Monopsony in Labor Markets...

In an effort to improve profits, employers sometimes collude in local labor markets. This has occurred recently in the markets for hardware and software engineers, digital animators, hospital nurses, and fashion models. The colluding employers restrict employment and thereby intend to depress...

This article examines the economic consequences of collusion in both the output market and one of the input markets. We examine the results of sequential collusion, which leads to complications and inconsistencies in measuring antitrust damages. We also examine simultaneous collusion in both the...

In Part I of this article, we discuss the importance of the development of economic analysis in US and European competition law to better explain how the choice of economic welfare standard has become the fundamental question of which goal to choose for competition law. This discussion sets up...

In this paper, we explore the competitive significance of both bundled and loyalty discounts. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section II, we examine the antitrust treatment of both bundled discounts and loyalty discounts in the United States. In Section III, we examine bundled discounts and...

This article examines the economic consequences of collusion in both the output market and one of the input markets. It examines the results of sequential collusion, which leads to complications and inconsistencies in measuring antitrust damages. It also examines simultaneous collusion in both...

In Apple, Inc. v. Pepper, the Supreme Court failed to recognize the economic reality at play which sparked considerable confusion and debate about the continued vitality of Illinois Brick. Apple used proprietary technology and threats to both iPhone owners and app developers to compel them to...

By making the App Store the only official channel for iPhone owners to buy apps, Apple has created the only market in which iPhone owners and app developers may transact their business. Apple exploits the bottleneck that it creates by imposing a 15 percent or 30 percent commission on...

Health care costs in the United States are much higher than in other countries. These cost differences can be explained in part by a lack of competition in the United States. Some markets, such as pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, have elements of monopoly. Other markets, such as health...