Governments have automated their public tasks, like individual decision making, in a steady pace. As Bovens & Zouridis wrote in 2002 this included a shift in power from the street level bureaucrats to system level bureacrats. In 2019 the computer that says no is recognised by many citizens. In...

It has been argued that the European Union suffers from serious accountability deficits. But how can we establish the existence of accountability deficits? This paper tries to get to grips with the appealing but elusive concept of accountability by asking three types of questions, thus providing...