Globally, there is a significant gender gap between men and women with regards to political participation; however, this gender gap varies both across countries and within countries over time. Previous research has argued that the inclusion of women in elite political positions encourages...

Several authors have asserted that dominant party rule is perpetuated, in part, by uneven access to media and advertising. Dominant parties enjoy relatively free media exposure through state-run enterprises, while opposition parties struggle for exposure, or so the argument goes. I test this...