This article addresses the Commission’s proposal as to wage transparency and enforcement mechanisms against the context of the Swedish historical treatment of equal pay, the current legislation and case law, and the wage formation procedures of the social partners. The EC proposal challenges...

This chapter examines the employment discrimination protections in Sweden under its two faces, namely the law in books and the law in action. Access to justice, or the lack thereof, is argued to be a major reason for the law not being given significant effect by the courts, as well as in the...

The disintegration of the Swedish Academy and the subsequent decision not to award the 2018 Nobel Prize in literature are perhaps the most palpable fallouts of the Swedish #MeToo movement. Manifestations in Sweden against sexual harassment had begun already in October 2017. A cascade of over...

Abstract: This article examines four national enforcement models with respect to discrimination claims against the requirement of enabling legal frameworks for national human rights institutions under the 1993 Paris Principles. The four models identified are private enforcement as typified by...

The question can be raised whether there is a need in Sweden to work with issues of equal pay. The gender wage gap (GWG) statistics in Sweden are fairly consistent. According to the OECD gender wage gap 2014, the Swedish GWG is about 14%. According to Eurostat 2016, the Swedish GWG is 13.3 %...

Many of the social welfare benefits in Sweden are based on employment twice over. First is the government policy that employment itself should be basis for certain social welfare benefits (arbetslinje), including state benefits such as parental leave pay, sick pay, unemployment insurance and...

The use of agent-based modeling (ABM) has recently been extended to the study of natural resource management and land-use and land-cover change. Many ABM applications have been at a conceptual and abstract level, which helps scholars to recognize how macro patterns can emerge from simple rules...