What if a colony is neither extractive nor settler material? European powers colonized some areas for military reasons: to keep those areas out of rivals' hands or to have geographically strategic outposts. In these cases, European settlement was low and there was nothing to extract. This...

This article introduces our project on the relationship between railways and real income levels across European regions between 1870 and 1910. While similar relationships have been analysed for the USA, India and individual European countries, our project is the first to take a pan-European...

Machine generated contents note: -- 1. Introduction2. Theoretical and Empirical Foundations3. Historical Context4. Explaining Mediterranean Emigration5. The Globalization of Trade and Labor Markets 6. Emigration and Wage Inequality7. Global migration and wage convergence 8. Conclusion