As complex self-adaptive systems, land ecosystems usually tend to produce intricate vegetation patterns under specific environmental constraints, which have ever puzzled us for decades. In this paper, a universal principle on pattern formation of land ecosystems is highlighted as: a land...

Biofilms with a conspicuous hierarchical and fractal structure have been paid much attention in recent years. Available analyses of biofilm formation typically employed macroscopic differential equations, simulation approaches such as cellular automaton (CA), diffusion limited aggregation (DLA),...