This study addresses robust scheduling for a flexible job-shop scheduling problem with random machine breakdowns. Two objectives – makespan and robustness – are simultaneously considered. Robustness is indicated by the expected value of the relative difference between the deterministic and...

This paper presents a novel mutation operator based on the immunity operation. Also, the selection is integrated into both crossover and mutation operation. Experiments with our approach on many test functions resulted in near-optimal solutions in all cases. In comparison with several other...