This paper summarizes the most important findings of the literature on the close interaction between public research organizations and industry in biotechnology. The first question deals with why researchers in academic organizations were and are still important players in the biotechnology...

The role of public demand on innovation is the central theme of this exploratory study which tries to evaluate the weight of the canadian public sector as 1) first user of innovation; 2) user of inventions patented by Canadians; 3) buyer of manufactured products, 25% of innovations find their...

The possibility is examined of diffusing and adapting bibliometric methods to technical literature for the measurement of technological output. The first part deals with existing methods in the treatment of such literature for the generation of technology indicators, which consists mainly in the...

Since science policy decision-makers have emphasized the industrial relevance of public research institutions, new indicators have been developed. This paper compares these indicators to determine their quality, validity, reliance, and exhaustivity. Above all, it is aimed at checking out the...