Much of the education finance literature is concerned with evaluating policies that seek to lessen the effect of economic disparities outside schools on the disparity of student outcomes within them. Examples include school finance reform to reduce schools’ reliance on local wealth, special...

In New Zealand, the primary means of addressing the disparities that exist in educational outcomes by students’ socio-economic status is the “decile” funding system. The country’s Ministry of Education uses census data on five socio-economic deprivation factors of the households...