Energy plays an important role in economic development worldwide. The increase of energy consumption showed that CO2 emissions in the atmosphere have increased dramatically, and these lead many scientists to push governments of the developing countries to take action for the formulation of...

This empirical paper investigates the hysteresis in unemployment in the case of three European countries namely Greece, Ireland and Portugal for the period 1984-2010. This study uses three classical unit-root tests, and a number of panel unit root tests, which are known to overcome specification...

This paper investigates the heterogenous panels Granger causality between exports and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for the twelve new EU countries from 1995 until 2010. The cointegration test by Pedroni (1999) shows a long run heterogenous relationship. A two-stage Engle and Granger procedure...