This paper examines how the growing network of bilateral investment agreements and the arbitral practice have gradually shaped the content of international investment law. It is argued that the mere repetition of like provisions in a multitude of investment agreements is not by itself evidence...

The European Union has a unique ‘sui generis’ status on the international plane, which is reflected in its capability to enter into diplomatic relations with third States and international organizations. Over nearly six decades the EU has gradually built its own worldwide bilateral and...