According to literature, when towns are in a financial distress, government officials have an incentive to seek extra revenues not only through an increase in property taxes, but also increasing the traffic fines. Governments do not employ the optimal measures to price traffic tickets; hence,...

Islamic jurists have used the maqasid al-shariah concepts, which lies safeguarding humankind's faith (din), their self (nafs), their intellectual (akl), their posterity (nasl), and wealth (mal) for centuries. In fact, these concepts are the bases of the divine religious. Hence, they cover all...