The use of computers to execute trades, often with very low latency, has increased over time, resulting in a variety of computer algorithms executing electronically targeted trading strategies at high speed. We describe the evolution of increasingly fast automated trading over the past decade...

The use of computers to execute trades, often with very low latency, has increased over time, resulting in a variety of computer algorithms executing electronically targeted trading strategies at high speed. We describe the evolution of increasingly fast automated trading over the past decade...

Risk-adjusted valuation is well established in both theory and business practice. However, its implications are not always immediately apparent or intuitive in legal disputes such as breach of contract lawsuits. In particular, damages are often calculated by discounting the differences in cash...