Development of civil engineering science has introduced tunneling as an important option in reducing the traffic volume of urban environments. Digging tunnels, in every depth, causes changes in the surface ground structure; tunneling in urban areas, especially when has passed through the...

This paper presents a new optimization model to help cities in seismically active developing countries decide (1) How much to spend on pre-earthquake mitigation versus waiting until after an event and paying for reconstruction or simply not rebuilding damaged buildings? (2) Which buildings to...

This paper gives a brief explanation of the earthquake in Bam. It also reports on the rescue and relief operations, including the construction of emergency shelters and temporary housing, and on the country’s plan for the reconstruction of the city, which includes debris removal, the...