For Oliver Williamson, the concept of trust is useless (Williamson, O. E. [1993]. Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization. <italic>The Journal of Law and Economics, 36</italic>, 453-486). Whenever a calculative approach is possible, and he believes it is for economic and social exchange in general with...

Analysis of the 2006 French public reform of research should distinguish between two levels of action: a general discourse and policies designed for specific scientific disciplines. The discourse links researchers increased performance to intensified interindividual competition ? an argument...