Risk management is critical in decision-making, and mean-variance (MV) trade-off is one of the most common criteria. However, in reinforcement learning (RL) under a dynamic environment, MV control is not as easy as that under a static environment owing to computational difficulties. For MV...

Although research and development (R&D) affects new value-added creation, including that related to environmental aspects, there is little literature dealing with the integration of R&D management and eco-value. Here, eco-value of technology is defined as the advantage of environmental...

One of the important future issues is how agriculture production can meet the future demand increase due to the population and the income growth. Global warming would give both positive and negative impacts on them. Agriculture is often expected to supply biofuels to meet the growing...