Agriculture differs from manufacturing in that leveling the workload is difficult as it deals with animals and plants. We can overcome such difficulties by taking advantage of the Japanese landscape which stretches from south to north with differing altitudes and allows different peak workloads...

The world food trade is distorted by agricultural trade policies. Import tariffs and non-tariff barriers are regulated by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and are disciplined as a result. On the other hand, export quantity restrictions and...

This publication is in Japanese. Neither an English translation of the publication nor an English abstract is available.

In this discussion paper, we analyze the following issues with regard to the environment and trade. (1) What kind of consideration will be necessary for the case in which external diseconomies such as pollution are cross-border, or global, in comparison with the case in which external...

This paper analyzes the desirable direction of the interpretation of various rules and regulations of GATT and the WTO from the standpoint of economics, based on the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Particularly, the following legal issues are examined.(1) Externality related to the...

Until the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ended in 1994, the allowance of exceptions for the environment was rigorously judged from the stand point of promoting free trade. However, this type of strict interpretation was relaxed after the formation of the WTO. This was partly due...