Highlights• Simulate dissolved oxygen in 5 lakes via multiple machine learning models.• A 2-step machine learning model workflow combines Gradient Boost Regressor and Longshort-term-memory.• A one-dimensional process-based hydrodynamic model provides ML models with predictors, including...

Agricultural expansion drives biodiversity loss globally, but impact assessments are biased towards recent time periods. This can lead to a gross underestimation of species declines in response to habitat loss, especially when species declines are gradual and occur over long time periods. Using...