The recent concurrent surges of food and commodity prices renew the debate on the causal directions between producer and consumer prices. To address this issue, we utilize the stage of processing system incorporating retail stage beyond crude, intermediate, and finished processing stages of food...

The recent concurrent surges of food and commodity prices renew the debate on the causal directions between producer and consumer prices. To address this issue, we utilize the stage of processing system incorporating retail stage beyond crude, intermediate, and finished processing stages of food...

For the full use of the theoretical development to derive three alternative specifications of the direct, inverse, and mixed demand systems, the following empirical procedure is proposed to address three issues of the identification, functional form, and comparisons among three specifications:...