The aim of this paper is to examine the environmental impacts of shale gas, conventional gas and coal on air, water, and land in the United States. These factors decisively affect the quality of life (public health and safety) as well as local and global environmental protection. Comparing...

The objective of this paper is to analyze how the variability of wind affects optimal dispatches and reserves in a daily optimization cycle. The Cornell SuperOPF1 is used to illustrate how the system costs can be determined for a reliable network (the amount of conventional generating capacity...

Earlier research has shown that adding wind capacity to a network can lower the total annual operating cost of meeting a given pattern of loads by displacing conventional generation. At the same time, the variability of wind generation and the need for higher levels of reserve generating...