The President and his high-level advisors routinely deny requests for information on the ground that disclosures of their deliberations would have a chilling effect on full and frank communications. It is understandable that they do so. As a political matter, the claim is intuitively appealing....

This study investigates the significance of confidentiality and disclosure for medical malpractice litigation. Starting in the mid-1990s, seventeen states began posting information on a doctor's specific history of medical malpractice claims on state-run websites. The laws creating these sites...